Unlike their foes, the Sumiyoshi-kai had a federal structure, with less money going to the top as tribute, less authority being invested in the godfather, and more autonomy lying with the individual gangs. The Sumiyoshi-kai (住吉会), sometimes referred to as the Sumiyoshi-rengo is the second-largest yakuza group in Japan with an estimated 2,200 members. The Sumiyoshi-kai is one of the Yakuza factions that lost in the Yakuza War (2011), and were forced into permanent exile in the Philippines.