In 10,000 BC, as the world emerged from the last Ice Age, human societies were small, nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers using stone, bone, and antler tools. Megafauna like mammoths roamed the tundra and forests, while early domestication of animals, such as dogs, began. Art and culture thrived with cave paintings and carvings. People wore clothing made from animal skins and adorned themselves with jewelry made from bones and stones. Life expectancy was low, but this period laid the groundwork.